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dc.contributor.authorEvju, Marianne
dc.contributor.authorHagen, Dagmar
dc.contributor.authorJokerud, Mari
dc.contributor.authorOlsen, Siri Lie
dc.contributor.authorSelvaag, Sofie Kjendlie
dc.contributor.authorVistad, Odd Inge
dc.date.accessioned2020-10-30T12:58:08Z
dc.date.available2020-10-30T12:58:08Z
dc.date.created2020-10-29T09:10:07Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.identifier.issn0301-4797
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/11250/2685893
dc.description.abstractRecreational use of nature areas is increasing worldwide. All trail-based activities have a certain degradation effect on vegetation and soil, and conflicts between conservation values and recreation may occur. Controversy still exists regarding the relative impact of mountain bikers compared to hikers on trails. In this study, we manipulated the use intensity from hikers and mountain bikers on existing, natural-surfaced trails, and investigated effects of increased use and the relative importance of mountain biking on trail degradation. In two study sites, two trails were selected, one designated for hiking and one for biking. Passes were counted with TRAFx counters. The proportion of mountain bikers on the designated biking trails was on average 47%, and on the hiking trails 13%. Trail width and depth were recorded at permanently marked transects repeatedly throughout the growing season, and analyzed with linear mixed models as a function of number of passes, proportion of bikers and environmental conditions along the trail. Trail width, both the core trail without vegetation and the total area influenced by trampling and biking, showed on average small, but highly variable increases with enhanced use. Trail widening occurred particularly in moist parts, and trail width increased more when a larger proportion of the passes was mountain bikers. Trail depth did not change much throughout the study period, suggesting that the soils along the trails were already compacted and to a limited degree prone to soil movement and subsequent soil loss. Our study shows that on-trail use by hikers and mountain bikers have relatively limited overall effects in terms of trail widening and deepening, but that effects depend highly on environmental conditions; enhanced use of trails in wet areas is likely to result in greater trail degradation, and more so if a large proportion of the users are mountain bikers. Management and maintenance of trails, in terms of re-routing or trail surface hardening, could thus be necessary to avoid negative impacts of increased use. For such management actions to be successful, they need to be targeted towards the actual user groups and the natural conditions in the area. Recreation Trail degradation Hiking Mountain biking Alpine Foresten_US
dc.language.isoengen_US
dc.rightsAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internasjonal*
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/deed.no*
dc.subjectRecreationen_US
dc.subjectTrail degradationen_US
dc.subjectHikingen_US
dc.subjectMountain bikingen_US
dc.subjectAlpineen_US
dc.subjectForesten_US
dc.titleEffects of mountain biking versus hiking on trails under different environmental conditionsen_US
dc.typePeer revieweden_US
dc.typeJournal articleen_US
dc.description.versionpublishedVersionen_US
dc.subject.nsiVDP::Økologi: 488en_US
dc.subject.nsiVDP::Ecology: 488en_US
dc.source.volume278en_US
dc.source.journalJournal of Environmental Managementen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111554
dc.identifier.cristin1843152
dc.relation.projectMiljødirektoratet: 2018/6372,en_US
dc.relation.projectEgen institusjon: Norwegian institute for nature research (NINA)en_US
dc.source.articlenumber111554en_US
cristin.ispublishedtrue
cristin.fulltextoriginal
cristin.qualitycode1


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Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internasjonal
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